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From the pentatonic scale to equal temperament: Which is better, 5 or 12 notes?

If we examine the harmonic and subharmonic series closely, we can see how pentatonic scales manifest within them. For this reason, whether consciously or not, human beings have always created music by making extensive use of these two scales, until …

Fundamental Pitch

Fundamental pitch, harmonics, and lateralization: Why is the choice of the fundamental pitch so crucial in overtone singing?

In overtone singing, the choice of the fundamental note is a structural decision that determines which harmonics will actually be available, how audible they will be, and to what extent they can be selected melodically with precision. In the practice …

Hormones and the Voice: How Hormonal Changes Affect the Way We Speak and Sing

This article is a popular science adaptation of the content from Omayma Afsah’s scientific review, “Effects of hormonal changes on the human voice: a review,” published in 2024 in *The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology*. The goal is to present its …

Canto a Tenore (Sardinian throat singing)

Origins of sardinian throat singing — From Agrarian and Pastoral Life, to the Spotlight

If you want to hear singers who masterfully use guttural vocals, there’s certainly no shortage of opportunities these days, given the many Tuvan and Mongolian groups touring the world. Let’s keep in mind, however, that in Sardinia (an island geopolitically …

harmonics

Overtones inside musical instruments: propagation, timbre and resonance

When a musical instrument produces a note, it rarely emits a single frequency. The sound contains a main frequency, called the fundamental, along with other higher-pitched frequencies called harmonics, which propagate uniformly. The combination of the fundamental frequency and harmonics …